What does it do? Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes and other fat-soluble parts of the body, such as LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol). Protection of LDL cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. Two studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine show that both men and women who supplement with at least 100 IU of vitamin E per day for at least two years have a 37–41% drop in the risk of heart disease. Even more impressive is the 77% drop in nonfatal heart attacks reported in the double blind CHAOS study, in which people were given 400–800 IU vitamin E per day.

Where is it found? Wheat germ oil, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, whole grains, egg yolks, and leafy green vegetables all contain vitamin E. However, the high levels found in supplements, often 100–800 IU per day, are not obtainable from eating food.

Vitamin E has been used in connection with the following conditions:

• Primary Atherosclerosis
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol (protection of LDL cholesterol)
• Immune function (for elderly people)
• Minor injuries (oral and topical, for sunburn)
• Osteoarthritis
• Tardive dyskinesia
• Yellow nail syndrome
• Secondary Alzheimer’s disease
• Angina
• Athletic performance (for exercise recovery and high-altitude exercise performance only)
• Bronchitis
• Cold sores
• Intermittent claudication
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Retinopathy (for retrolental fibroplasia)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Wound healing

Who is likely to be deficient? Severe vitamin E deficiencies are rare.

How much is usually taken? The most commonly recommended dose of vitamin E for adults is 400–800 IU per day. However, some leading researchers suggest taking only 100–200 IU per day as studies that have explored the long-term effects of different supplemental levels suggest no further benefit beyond that amount. In addition, research reporting positive effects with 400–800 IU per day have not investigated the effects of lower intakes.

Are there any side effects or interactions? Vitamin E toxicity is very rare; supplements are widely considered to be safe.

A diet high in unsaturated fat increases vitamin E requirements. Vitamin E and selenium work together to protect fat-soluble parts of the body.